Rivet analyses


title: ATLAS_2012_I1204447

Inclusive multi-lepton search

Experiment: ATLAS (LHC)

Inspire ID: 1204447

Status: VALIDATED

Authors: - Joern Mahlstedt

References: - Expt page: ATLAS-EXOT-2011-18 - arXiv: 1211.6312 - Phys. Rev. D 87, 052002 (2013)

Beams: p+ p+

Beam energies: (3500.0, 3500.0)GeV

Run details: - Any process producing at least 3 leptons (e.g. pair production of doubly-charged Higgs)

A generic search for anomalous production of events with at least three charged leptons is presented. The search uses a pp-collision data sample at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV corresponding to 4.6/fb of integrated luminosity collected in 2011 by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Events are required to contain at least two electrons or muons, while the third lepton may either be an additional electron or muon, or a hadronically decaying tau lepton. Events are categorized by the presence or absence of a reconstructed tau-lepton or Z-boson candidate decaying to leptons. No significant excess above backgrounds expected from Standard Model processes is observed. Results are presented as upper limits on event yields from non-Standard-Model processes producing at least three prompt, isolated leptons, given as functions of lower bounds on several kinematic variables. Fiducial efficiencies for model testing are also provided. This Rivet module implements the event selection and the fiducial efficiencies to test various models for their exclusion based on observed/excluded limits.

Source code:ATLAS_2012_I1204447.cc

```c++ // -- C++ --

include "Rivet/Analysis.hh"

include "Rivet/Projections/ChargedFinalState.hh"

include "Rivet/Projections/FastJets.hh"

include "Rivet/Projections/FinalState.hh"

include "Rivet/Projections/IdentifiedFinalState.hh"

include "Rivet/Projections/UnstableParticles.hh"

include "Rivet/Projections/VetoedFinalState.hh"

include "Rivet/Projections/VisibleFinalState.hh"

include "Rivet/Tools/Random.hh"

namespace Rivet {

class ATLAS_2012_I1204447 : public Analysis { public:

/// Constructor
RIVET_DEFAULT_ANALYSIS_CTOR(ATLAS_2012_I1204447);


/// Book histograms and initialise projections before the run
void init() {

  // To calculate the acceptance without having the fiducial lepton efficiencies included, this part can be turned off
  _use_fiducial_lepton_efficiency = true;

  // Read in all signal regions
  _signal_regions = getSignalRegions();

  // Set number of events per signal region to 0
  for (size_t i = 0; i < _signal_regions.size(); i++)
    book(_eventCountsPerSR[_signal_regions[i]], "_eventCountsPerSR_" + _signal_regions[i]);

  // Final state including all charged and neutral particles
  const FinalState fs((Cuts::etaIn(-5.0, 5.0) && Cuts::pT >= 1 * GeV));
  declare(fs, "FS");

  // Final state including all charged particles
  declare(ChargedFinalState(Cuts::abseta < 2.5 && Cuts::pT > 1 * GeV), "CFS");

  // Final state including all visible particles (to calculate MET, Jets etc.)
  declare(VisibleFinalState(Cuts::abseta < 5.0), "VFS");

  // Final state including all AntiKt 04 Jets
  VetoedFinalState vfs;
  vfs.addVetoPairId(PID::MUON);
  declare(FastJets(vfs, JetAlg::ANTIKT, 0.4), "AntiKtJets04");

  // Final state including all unstable particles (including taus)
  declare(UnstableParticles(Cuts::abseta < 5.0 && Cuts::pT > 5 * GeV), "UFS");

  // Final state including all electrons
  IdentifiedFinalState elecs(Cuts::abseta < 2.47 && Cuts::pT > 10 * GeV);
  elecs.acceptIdPair(PID::ELECTRON);
  declare(elecs, "elecs");

  // Final state including all muons
  IdentifiedFinalState muons(Cuts::abseta < 2.5 && Cuts::pT > 10 * GeV);
  muons.acceptIdPair(PID::MUON);
  declare(muons, "muons");

  // Book histograms
  book(_h_HTlep_all, "HTlep_all", 30, 0, 1500);
  book(_h_HTjets_all, "HTjets_all", 30, 0, 1500);
  book(_h_MET_all, "MET_all", 20, 0, 1000);
  book(_h_Meff_all, "Meff_all", 30, 0, 3000);

  book(_h_e_n, "e_n", 10, -0.5, 9.5);
  book(_h_mu_n, "mu_n", 10, -0.5, 9.5);
  book(_h_tau_n, "tau_n", 10, -0.5, 9.5);

  book(_h_pt_1_3l, "pt_1_3l", 100, 0, 2000);
  book(_h_pt_2_3l, "pt_2_3l", 100, 0, 2000);
  book(_h_pt_3_3l, "pt_3_3l", 100, 0, 2000);
  book(_h_pt_1_2ltau, "pt_1_2ltau", 100, 0, 2000);
  book(_h_pt_2_2ltau, "pt_2_2ltau", 100, 0, 2000);
  book(_h_pt_3_2ltau, "pt_3_2ltau", 100, 0, 2000);

  book(_h_excluded, "excluded", 2, -0.5, 1.5);
}


/// Perform the per-event analysis
void analyze(const Event& event) {

  // Muons
  Particles muon_candidates;
  const Particles charged_tracks = apply<ChargedFinalState>(event, "CFS").particles();
  const Particles visible_particles = apply<VisibleFinalState>(event, "VFS").particles();
  for (const Particle& mu : apply<IdentifiedFinalState>(event, "muons").particlesByPt()) {
    // Calculate pTCone30 variable (pT of all tracks within dR<0.3 - pT of muon itself)
    double pTinCone = -mu.pT();
    for (const Particle& track : charged_tracks) {
      if (deltaR(mu.momentum(), track.momentum()) < 0.3) pTinCone += track.pT();
    }

    // Calculate eTCone30 variable (pT of all visible particles within dR<0.3)
    double eTinCone = 0.;
    for (const Particle& visible_particle : visible_particles) {
      if (visible_particle.abspid() != PID::MUON
          && inRange(deltaR(mu.momentum(), visible_particle.momentum()), 0.1, 0.3))
        eTinCone += visible_particle.pT();
    }

    // Apply reconstruction efficiency and simulate reco
    int muon_id = 13;
    if (mu.hasAncestorWith(Cuts::pid == 15) || mu.hasAncestorWith(Cuts::pid == -15)) muon_id = 14;
    const double eff = (_use_fiducial_lepton_efficiency) ? apply_reco_eff(muon_id, mu) : 1.0;
    const bool keep_muon = rand01() <= eff;

    // Keep muon if pTCone30/pT < 0.15 and eTCone30/pT < 0.2 and reconstructed
    if (keep_muon && pTinCone / mu.pT() <= 0.15 && eTinCone / mu.pT() < 0.2)
      muon_candidates.push_back(mu);
  }


  // Electrons
  Particles electron_candidates;
  for (const Particle& e : apply<IdentifiedFinalState>(event, "elecs").particlesByPt()) {
    // Neglect electrons in crack regions
    if (inRange(e.abseta(), 1.37, 1.52)) continue;

    // Calculate pTCone30 variable (pT of all tracks within dR<0.3 - pT of electron itself)
    double pTinCone = -e.pT();
    for (const Particle& track : charged_tracks) {
      if (deltaR(e.momentum(), track.momentum()) < 0.3) pTinCone += track.pT();
    }

    // Calculate eTCone30 variable (pT of all visible particles (except muons) within dR<0.3)
    double eTinCone = 0.;
    for (const Particle& visible_particle : visible_particles) {
      if (visible_particle.abspid() != PID::MUON
          && inRange(deltaR(e.momentum(), visible_particle.momentum()), 0.1, 0.3))
        eTinCone += visible_particle.pT();
    }

    // Apply reconstruction efficiency and simulate reco
    int elec_id = 11;
    if (e.hasAncestorWith(Cuts::pid == 15) || e.hasAncestorWith(Cuts::pid == -15)) elec_id = 12;
    const double eff = (_use_fiducial_lepton_efficiency) ? apply_reco_eff(elec_id, e) : 1.0;
    const bool keep_elec = rand01() <= eff;

    // Keep electron if pTCone30/pT < 0.13 and eTCone30/pT < 0.2 and reconstructed
    if (keep_elec && pTinCone / e.pT() <= 0.13 && eTinCone / e.pT() < 0.2)
      electron_candidates.push_back(e);
  }


  // Taus
  /// @todo This could benefit from a tau finder projection
  Particles tau_candidates;
  for (const Particle& tau : apply<UnstableParticles>(event, "UFS").particlesByPt()) {
    // Only pick taus out of all unstable particles
    if (tau.abspid() != PID::TAU) continue;

    // Check that tau has decayed into daughter particles
    /// @todo Huh? Unstable taus with no decay vtx? Can use Particle.isStable()? But why in this situation?
    if (tau.genParticle()->end_vertex() == 0) continue;

    // Calculate visible tau pT from pT of tau neutrino in tau decay for pT and |eta| cuts
    FourMomentum daughter_tau_neutrino_momentum = get_tau_neutrino_mom(tau);
    Particle tau_vis = tau;
    tau_vis.setMomentum(tau.momentum() - daughter_tau_neutrino_momentum);
    // keep only taus in certain eta region and above 15 GeV of visible tau pT
    if (tau_vis.pT() <= 15.0 * GeV || tau_vis.abseta() > 2.5) continue;

    // Get prong number (number of tracks) in tau decay and check if tau decays leptonically
    unsigned int nprong = 0;
    bool lep_decaying_tau = false;
    get_prong_number(tau.genParticle(), nprong, lep_decaying_tau);

    // Apply reconstruction efficiency
    int tau_id = 15;
    if (nprong == 1)
      tau_id = 15;
    else if (nprong == 3)
      tau_id = 16;

    // Get fiducial lepton efficiency simulate reco efficiency
    const double eff = (_use_fiducial_lepton_efficiency) ? apply_reco_eff(tau_id, tau_vis) : 1.0;
    const bool keep_tau = rand01() <= eff;

    // Keep tau if nprong = 1, it decays hadronically, and it's reconstructed by the detector
    if (!lep_decaying_tau && nprong == 1 && keep_tau) tau_candidates.push_back(tau_vis);
  }


  // Jets (all anti-kt R=0.4 jets with pT > 25 GeV and eta < 4.9)
  Jets jet_candidates = apply<FastJets>(event, "AntiKtJets04")
                            .jetsByPt(Cuts::pT > 25 * GeV && Cuts::abseta < 4.9);

  // ETmiss
  Particles vfs_particles = apply<VisibleFinalState>(event, "VFS").particles();
  FourMomentum pTmiss;
  for (const Particle& p : vfs_particles) pTmiss -= p.momentum();
  double eTmiss = pTmiss.pT() / GeV;


  //------------------
  // Overlap removal

  // electron - electron
  Particles electron_candidates_2;
  for (size_t ie = 0; ie < electron_candidates.size(); ++ie) {
    const Particle& e = electron_candidates[ie];
    bool away = true;
    // If electron pair within dR < 0.1: remove electron with lower pT
    for (size_t ie2 = 0; ie2 < electron_candidates_2.size(); ++ie2) {
      if (deltaR(e.momentum(), electron_candidates_2[ie2].momentum()) < 0.1) {
        away = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    // If isolated keep it
    if (away) electron_candidates_2.push_back(e);
  }
  // jet - electron
  Jets recon_jets;
  for (const Jet& jet : jet_candidates) {
    bool away = true;
    // if jet within dR < 0.2 of electron: remove jet
    for (const Particle& e : electron_candidates_2) {
      if (deltaR(e.momentum(), jet.momentum()) < 0.2) {
        away = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    // jet - tau
    if (away) {
      // If jet within dR < 0.2 of tau: remove jet
      for (const Particle& tau : tau_candidates) {
        if (deltaR(tau.momentum(), jet.momentum()) < 0.2) {
          away = false;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    // If isolated keep it
    if (away) recon_jets.push_back(jet);
  }


  // electron - jet
  Particles recon_leptons, recon_e;
  for (size_t ie = 0; ie < electron_candidates_2.size(); ++ie) {
    const Particle& e = electron_candidates_2[ie];
    // If electron within 0.2 < dR < 0.4 from any jets: remove electron
    bool away = true;
    for (const Jet& jet : recon_jets) {
      if (deltaR(e.momentum(), jet.momentum()) < 0.4) {
        away = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    // electron - muon
    // if electron within dR < 0.1 of a muon: remove electron
    if (away) {
      for (const Particle& mu : muon_candidates) {
        if (deltaR(mu.momentum(), e.momentum()) < 0.1) {
          away = false;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    // If isolated keep it
    if (away) {
      recon_e += e;
      recon_leptons += e;
    }
  }


  // tau - electron
  Particles recon_tau;
  for (const Particle& tau : tau_candidates) {
    bool away = true;
    // If tau within dR < 0.2 of an electron: remove tau
    for (const Particle& e : recon_e) {
      if (deltaR(tau.momentum(), e.momentum()) < 0.2) {
        away = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    // tau - muon
    // If tau within dR < 0.2 of a muon: remove tau
    if (away) {
      for (const Particle& mu : muon_candidates) {
        if (deltaR(tau.momentum(), mu.momentum()) < 0.2) {
          away = false;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    // If isolated keep it
    if (away) recon_tau.push_back(tau);
  }

  // Muon - jet isolation
  Particles recon_mu, trigger_mu;
  // If muon within dR < 0.4 of a jet, remove muon
  for (const Particle& mu : muon_candidates) {
    bool away = true;
    for (const Jet& jet : recon_jets) {
      if (deltaR(mu.momentum(), jet.momentum()) < 0.4) {
        away = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (away) {
      recon_mu.push_back(mu);
      recon_leptons.push_back(mu);
      if (mu.abseta() < 2.4) trigger_mu.push_back(mu);
    }
  }

  // End overlap removal
  //------------------


  // Jet cleaning
  if (rand01() <= 0.42) {
    for (const Jet& jet : recon_jets) {
      const double eta = jet.rapidity();
      const double phi = jet.azimuthalAngle(MINUSPI_PLUSPI);
      if (jet.pT() > 25 * GeV && inRange(eta, -0.1, 1.5) && inRange(phi, -0.9, -0.5)) vetoEvent;
    }
  }


  // Post-isolation event cuts
  // Require at least 3 charged tracks in event
  if (charged_tracks.size() < 3) vetoEvent;

  // And at least one e/mu passing trigger
  if (!(!recon_e.empty() && recon_e[0].pT() > 25 * GeV)
      && !(!trigger_mu.empty() && trigger_mu[0].pT() > 25 * GeV)) {
    MSG_DEBUG("Hardest lepton fails trigger");
    vetoEvent;
  }

  // And only accept events with at least 2 electrons and muons and at least 3 leptons in total
  if (recon_mu.size() + recon_e.size() + recon_tau.size() < 3 || recon_leptons.size() < 2) vetoEvent;

  // Sort leptons by decreasing pT
  isortByPt(recon_leptons);
  isortByPt(recon_tau);

  // Calculate HTlep, fill lepton pT histograms & store chosen combination of 3 leptons
  double HTlep = 0.;
  Particles chosen_leptons;
  if (recon_leptons.size() > 2) {
    _h_pt_1_3l->fill(recon_leptons[0].perp() / GeV);
    _h_pt_2_3l->fill(recon_leptons[1].perp() / GeV);
    _h_pt_3_3l->fill(recon_leptons[2].perp() / GeV);
    HTlep = (recon_leptons[0].pT() + recon_leptons[1].pT() + recon_leptons[2].pT()) / GeV;
    chosen_leptons.push_back(recon_leptons[0]);
    chosen_leptons.push_back(recon_leptons[1]);
    chosen_leptons.push_back(recon_leptons[2]);
  }
  else {
    _h_pt_1_2ltau->fill(recon_leptons[0].perp() / GeV);
    _h_pt_2_2ltau->fill(recon_leptons[1].perp() / GeV);
    _h_pt_3_2ltau->fill(recon_tau[0].perp() / GeV);
    HTlep = (recon_leptons[0].pT() + recon_leptons[1].pT() + recon_tau[0].pT()) / GeV;
    chosen_leptons.push_back(recon_leptons[0]);
    chosen_leptons.push_back(recon_leptons[1]);
    chosen_leptons.push_back(recon_tau[0]);
  }

  // Number of prompt e/mu and had taus
  _h_e_n->fill(recon_e.size());
  _h_mu_n->fill(recon_mu.size());
  _h_tau_n->fill(recon_tau.size());

  // Calculate HTjets
  double HTjets = 0.;
  for (const Jet& jet : recon_jets) HTjets += jet.perp() / GeV;

  // Calculate meff
  double meff = eTmiss + HTjets;
  Particles all_leptons;
  for (const Particle& e : recon_e) {
    meff += e.perp() / GeV;
    all_leptons.push_back(e);
  }
  for (const Particle& mu : recon_mu) {
    meff += mu.perp() / GeV;
    all_leptons.push_back(mu);
  }
  for (const Particle& tau : recon_tau) {
    meff += tau.perp() / GeV;
    all_leptons.push_back(tau);
  }

  // Fill histogram of kinematic variables
  _h_HTlep_all->fill(HTlep);
  _h_HTjets_all->fill(HTjets);
  _h_MET_all->fill(eTmiss);
  _h_Meff_all->fill(meff);

  // Determine signal region (3l/2ltau, onZ/offZ)
  string basic_signal_region;
  if (recon_mu.size() + recon_e.size() > 2)
    basic_signal_region += "3l_";
  else if ((recon_mu.size() + recon_e.size() == 2) && (recon_tau.size() > 0))
    basic_signal_region += "2ltau_";
  // Is there an OSSF pair or a three lepton combination with an invariant mass close to the Z mass
  int onZ = isonZ(chosen_leptons);
  if (onZ == 1)
    basic_signal_region += "onZ";
  else if (onZ == 0)
    basic_signal_region += "offZ";
  // Check in which signal regions this event falls and adjust event counters
  fillEventCountsPerSR(basic_signal_region, onZ, HTlep, eTmiss, HTjets, meff);
}


/// Normalise histograms etc., after the run
void finalize() {

  // Normalize to an integrated luminosity of 1 fb-1
  double norm = crossSection() / femtobarn / sumOfWeights();
  string best_signal_region = "";
  double ratio_best_SR = 0.;

  // Loop over all signal regions and find signal region with best sensitivity (ratio signal events/visible cross-section)
  for (size_t i = 0; i < _signal_regions.size(); i++) {
    double signal_events = _eventCountsPerSR[_signal_regions[i]]->val() * norm;
    // Use expected upper limits to find best signal region
    double UL95 = getUpperLimit(_signal_regions[i], false);
    double ratio = signal_events / UL95;
    if (ratio > ratio_best_SR) {
      best_signal_region = _signal_regions[i];
      ratio_best_SR = ratio;
    }
  }

  double signal_events_best_SR = _eventCountsPerSR[best_signal_region]->val() * norm;
  double exp_UL_best_SR = getUpperLimit(best_signal_region, false);
  double obs_UL_best_SR = getUpperLimit(best_signal_region, true);

  // Print out result
  cout << "----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
       << endl;
  cout << "Best signal region: " << best_signal_region << endl;
  cout << "Normalized number of signal events in this best signal region (per fb-1): "
       << signal_events_best_SR << endl;
  cout << "Efficiency*Acceptance: " << _eventCountsPerSR[best_signal_region]->val() / sumOfWeights()
       << endl;
  cout << "Cross-section [fb]: " << crossSection() / femtobarn << endl;
  cout << "Expected visible cross-section (per fb-1): " << exp_UL_best_SR << endl;
  cout << "Ratio (signal events / expected visible cross-section): " << ratio_best_SR << endl;
  cout << "Observed visible cross-section (per fb-1): " << obs_UL_best_SR << endl;
  cout << "Ratio (signal events / observed visible cross-section): "
       << signal_events_best_SR / obs_UL_best_SR << endl;
  cout << "----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
       << endl;

  cout << "Using the EXPECTED limits (visible cross-section) of the analysis: " << endl;
  if (signal_events_best_SR > exp_UL_best_SR) {
    cout << "Since the number of signal events > the visible cross-section, this model/grid point is "
            "EXCLUDED with 95% CL."
         << endl;
    _h_excluded->fill(1);
  }
  else {
    cout << "Since the number of signal events < the visible cross-section, this model/grid point is NOT "
            "EXCLUDED."
         << endl;
    _h_excluded->fill(0);
  }
  cout << "----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
       << endl;

  cout << "Using the OBSERVED limits (visible cross-section) of the analysis: " << endl;
  if (signal_events_best_SR > obs_UL_best_SR) {
    cout << "Since the number of signal events > the visible cross-section, this model/grid point is "
            "EXCLUDED with 95% CL."
         << endl;
    _h_excluded->fill(1);
  }
  else {
    cout << "Since the number of signal events < the visible cross-section, this model/grid point is NOT "
            "EXCLUDED."
         << endl;
    _h_excluded->fill(0);
  }
  cout << "----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
       << endl;


  // Normalize to cross section
  if (norm != 0) {
    scale(_h_HTlep_all, norm);
    scale(_h_HTjets_all, norm);
    scale(_h_MET_all, norm);
    scale(_h_Meff_all, norm);

    scale(_h_pt_1_3l, norm);
    scale(_h_pt_2_3l, norm);
    scale(_h_pt_3_3l, norm);
    scale(_h_pt_1_2ltau, norm);
    scale(_h_pt_2_2ltau, norm);
    scale(_h_pt_3_2ltau, norm);

    scale(_h_e_n, norm);
    scale(_h_mu_n, norm);
    scale(_h_tau_n, norm);

    scale(_h_excluded, signal_events_best_SR);
  }
}


/// Helper functions
/// @{

/// Function giving a list of all signal regions
vector<string> getSignalRegions() {

  // List of basic signal regions
  vector<string> basic_signal_regions;
  basic_signal_regions.push_back("3l_offZ");
  basic_signal_regions.push_back("3l_onZ");
  basic_signal_regions.push_back("2ltau_offZ");
  basic_signal_regions.push_back("2ltau_onZ");

  // List of kinematic variables
  vector<string> kinematic_variables;
  kinematic_variables.push_back("HTlep");
  kinematic_variables.push_back("METStrong");
  kinematic_variables.push_back("METWeak");
  kinematic_variables.push_back("Meff");
  kinematic_variables.push_back("MeffStrong");

  vector<string> signal_regions;
  // Loop over all kinematic variables and basic signal regions
  for (size_t i0 = 0; i0 < kinematic_variables.size(); i0++) {
    for (size_t i1 = 0; i1 < basic_signal_regions.size(); i1++) {
      // Is signal region onZ?
      int onZ = (basic_signal_regions[i1].find("onZ") != string::npos) ? 1 : 0;
      // Get cut values for this kinematic variable
      vector<int> cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion(kinematic_variables[i0], onZ);
      // Loop over all cut values
      for (size_t i2 = 0; i2 < cut_values.size(); i2++) {
        // push signal region into vector
        signal_regions.push_back(
            (kinematic_variables[i0] + "_" + basic_signal_regions[i1] + "_cut_" + toString(i2)));
      }
    }
  }
  return signal_regions;
}


/// Function giving all cut vales per kinematic variable (taking onZ for MET into account)
vector<int> getCutsPerSignalRegion(const string& signal_region, int onZ = 0) {
  vector<int> cutValues;

  // Cut values for HTlep
  if (signal_region.compare("HTlep") == 0) {
    cutValues.push_back(0);
    cutValues.push_back(100);
    cutValues.push_back(150);
    cutValues.push_back(200);
    cutValues.push_back(300);
  }
  // Cut values for METStrong (HTjets > 100 GeV) and METWeak (HTjets < 100 GeV)
  else if (signal_region.compare("METStrong") == 0 || signal_region.compare("METWeak") == 0) {
    if (onZ == 0)
      cutValues.push_back(0);
    else if (onZ == 1)
      cutValues.push_back(20);
    cutValues.push_back(50);
    cutValues.push_back(75);
  }
  // Cut values for Meff and MeffStrong (MET > 75 GeV)
  if (signal_region.compare("Meff") == 0 || signal_region.compare("MeffStrong") == 0) {
    cutValues.push_back(0);
    cutValues.push_back(150);
    cutValues.push_back(300);
    cutValues.push_back(500);
  }

  return cutValues;
}


/// function fills map EventCountsPerSR by looping over all signal regions
/// and looking if the event falls into this signal region
void fillEventCountsPerSR(const string& basic_signal_region,
                          int onZ,
                          double HTlep,
                          double eTmiss,
                          double HTjets,
                          double meff) {

  // Get cut values for HTlep, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
  vector<int> cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("HTlep", onZ);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++) {
    if (HTlep > cut_values[i])
      _eventCountsPerSR[("HTlep_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
  }

  // Get cut values for METStrong, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
  cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("METStrong", onZ);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++) {
    if (eTmiss > cut_values[i] && HTjets > 100.)
      _eventCountsPerSR[("METStrong_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
  }

  // Get cut values for METWeak, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
  cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("METWeak", onZ);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++) {
    if (eTmiss > cut_values[i] && HTjets <= 100.)
      _eventCountsPerSR[("METWeak_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
  }

  // Get cut values for Meff, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
  cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("Meff", onZ);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++) {
    if (meff > cut_values[i])
      _eventCountsPerSR[("Meff_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
  }

  // Get cut values for MeffStrong, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
  cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("MeffStrong", onZ);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++) {
    if (meff > cut_values[i] && eTmiss > 75.)
      _eventCountsPerSR[("MeffStrong_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]
          ->fill();
  }
}


/// Function returning 4-vector of daughter-particle if it is a tau neutrino
/// @todo Move to TauFinder and make less HepMC-ish
FourMomentum get_tau_neutrino_mom(const Particle& p) {
  assert(p.abspid() == PID::TAU);
  ConstGenVertexPtr dv = p.genParticle()->end_vertex();
  assert(dv != nullptr);
  for (ConstGenParticlePtr pp : HepMCUtils::particles(dv, Relatives::CHILDREN)) {
    if (abs(pp->pdg_id()) == PID::NU_TAU) return FourMomentum(pp->momentum());
  }
  return FourMomentum();
}


/// Function calculating the prong number of taus
/// @todo Move to TauFinder and make less HepMC-ish
void get_prong_number(ConstGenParticlePtr p, unsigned int& nprong, bool& lep_decaying_tau) {
  assert(p != nullptr);
  //const int tau_barcode = p->barcode();
  ConstGenVertexPtr dv = p->end_vertex();
  assert(dv != nullptr);
  for (ConstGenParticlePtr pp : HepMCUtils::particles(dv, Relatives::CHILDREN)) {
    // If they have status 1 and are charged they will produce a track and the prong number is +1
    if (pp->status() == 1) {
      const int id = pp->pdg_id();
      if (Rivet::PID::charge(id) != 0) ++nprong;
      // Check if tau decays leptonically
      // @todo Can a tau decay include a tau in its decay daughters?!
      if ((abs(id) == PID::ELECTRON || abs(id) == PID::MUON || abs(id) == PID::TAU)
          && abs(p->pdg_id()) == PID::TAU)
        lep_decaying_tau = true;
    }
    // If the status of the daughter particle is 2 it is unstable and the further decays are checked
    else if (pp->status() == 2) {
      get_prong_number(pp, nprong, lep_decaying_tau);
    }
  }
}


/// Function giving fiducial lepton efficiency
double apply_reco_eff(int flavor, const Particle& p) {
  float pt = p.pT() / GeV;
  float eta = p.eta();

  double eff = 0.;
  //double err = 0.;

  if (flavor == 11) { // weight prompt electron -- now including data/MC ID SF in eff.
    //float rho = 0.820;
    float p0 = 7.34;
    float p1 = 0.8977;
    //float ep0= 0.5 ;  float ep1= 0.0087;
    eff = p1 - p0 / pt;

    //double err0 = ep0/pt; // d(eff)/dp0
    //double err1 = ep1;    // d(eff)/dp1
    //err = sqrt(err0*err0 + err1*err1 - 2*rho*err0*err1);

    double avgrate = 0.6867;
    float wz_ele_eta[] = {
        0.588717, 0.603674, 0.666135, 0.747493, 0.762202, 0.675051,
        0.751606, 0.745569, 0.665333, 0.610432, 0.592693,
    };
    //float ewz_ele_eta[] ={0.00292902,0.002476,0.00241209,0.00182319,0.00194339,0.00299785,0.00197339,0.00182004,0.00241793,0.00245997,0.00290394,};
    int ibin = 3;

    if (eta >= -2.5 && eta < -2.0) ibin = 0;
    if (eta >= -2.0 && eta < -1.5) ibin = 1;
    if (eta >= -1.5 && eta < -1.0) ibin = 2;
    if (eta >= -1.0 && eta < -0.5) ibin = 3;
    if (eta >= -0.5 && eta < -0.1) ibin = 4;
    if (eta >= -0.1 && eta < 0.1) ibin = 5;
    if (eta >= 0.1 && eta < 0.5) ibin = 6;
    if (eta >= 0.5 && eta < 1.0) ibin = 7;
    if (eta >= 1.0 && eta < 1.5) ibin = 8;
    if (eta >= 1.5 && eta < 2.0) ibin = 9;
    if (eta >= 2.0 && eta < 2.5) ibin = 10;

    double eff_eta = wz_ele_eta[ibin];
    //double err_eta = ewz_ele_eta[ibin];

    eff = (eff * eff_eta) / avgrate;
  }

  if (flavor == 12) { // weight electron from tau
    //float rho = 0.884;
    float p0 = 6.799;
    float p1 = 0.842;
    //float ep0= 0.664;  float ep1= 0.016;
    eff = p1 - p0 / pt;

    //double err0 = ep0/pt; // d(eff)/dp0
    //double err1 = ep1;    // d(eff)/dp1
    //err = sqrt(err0*err0 + err1*err1 - 2*rho*err0*err1);

    double avgrate = 0.5319;
    float wz_elet_eta[] = {
        0.468945, 0.465953, 0.489545, 0.58709,  0.59669,  0.515829,
        0.59284,  0.575828, 0.498181, 0.463536, 0.481738,
    };
    //float ewz_elet_eta[] ={0.00933795,0.00780868,0.00792679,0.00642083,0.00692652,0.0101568,0.00698452,0.00643524,0.0080002,0.00776238,0.0094699,};
    int ibin = 3;

    if (eta >= -2.5 && eta < -2.0) ibin = 0;
    if (eta >= -2.0 && eta < -1.5) ibin = 1;
    if (eta >= -1.5 && eta < -1.0) ibin = 2;
    if (eta >= -1.0 && eta < -0.5) ibin = 3;
    if (eta >= -0.5 && eta < -0.1) ibin = 4;
    if (eta >= -0.1 && eta < 0.1) ibin = 5;
    if (eta >= 0.1 && eta < 0.5) ibin = 6;
    if (eta >= 0.5 && eta < 1.0) ibin = 7;
    if (eta >= 1.0 && eta < 1.5) ibin = 8;
    if (eta >= 1.5 && eta < 2.0) ibin = 9;
    if (eta >= 2.0 && eta < 2.5) ibin = 10;

    double eff_eta = wz_elet_eta[ibin];
    //double err_eta = ewz_elet_eta[ibin];

    eff = (eff * eff_eta) / avgrate;
  }

  if (flavor == 13) { // weight prompt muon

    //if eta>0.1
    float p0 = -18.21;
    float p1 = 14.83;
    float p2 = 0.9312;
    //float ep0= 5.06;    float ep1= 1.9;    float ep2=0.00069;

    if (fabs(eta) < 0.1) {
      p0 = 7.459;
      p1 = 2.615;
      p2 = 0.5138;
      //ep0 = 10.4; ep1 = 4.934; ep2 = 0.0034;
    }

    double arg = (pt - p0) / (2. * p1);
    eff = 0.5 * p2 * (1. + erf(arg));
    //err = 0.1*eff;
  }

  if (flavor == 14) { // weight muon from tau

    if (fabs(eta) < 0.1) {
      float p0 = -1.756;
      float p1 = 12.38;
      float p2 = 0.4441;
      //float ep0= 10.39;   float ep1= 7.9;  float ep2=0.022;
      double arg = (pt - p0) / (2. * p1);
      eff = 0.5 * p2 * (1. + erf(arg));
      //err = 0.1*eff;
    }
    else {
      float p0 = 2.102;
      float p1 = 0.8293;
      //float ep0= 0.271;  float ep1= 0.0083;
      eff = p1 - p0 / pt;
      //double err0 = ep0/pt; // d(eff)/dp0
      //double err1 = ep1;    // d(eff)/dp1
      //err = sqrt(err0*err0 + err1*err1 - 2*rho*err0*err1);
    }
  }

  if (flavor == 15) { // weight hadronic tau 1p

    float wz_tau1p[] = {
        0.0249278, 0.146978, 0.225049, 0.229212, 0.21519,  0.206152,
        0.201559,  0.197917, 0.209249, 0.228336, 0.193548,
    };
    //float ewz_tau1p[] ={0.00178577,0.00425252,0.00535052,0.00592126,0.00484684,0.00612941,0.00792099,0.0083006,0.0138307,0.015568,0.0501751,};
    int ibin = 0;
    if (pt > 15) ibin = 1;
    if (pt > 20) ibin = 2;
    if (pt > 25) ibin = 3;
    if (pt > 30) ibin = 4;
    if (pt > 40) ibin = 5;
    if (pt > 50) ibin = 6;
    if (pt > 60) ibin = 7;
    if (pt > 80) ibin = 8;
    if (pt > 100) ibin = 9;
    if (pt > 200) ibin = 10;

    eff = wz_tau1p[ibin];
    //err = ewz_tau1p[ibin];


    double avgrate = 0.1718;
    float wz_tau1p_eta[] = {
        0.162132, 0.176393, 0.139619, 0.178813, 0.185144, 0.210027,
        0.203937, 0.178688, 0.137034, 0.164216, 0.163713,
    };
    //float ewz_tau1p_eta[] ={0.00706705,0.00617989,0.00506798,0.00525172,0.00581865,0.00865675,0.00599245,0.00529877,0.00506368,0.00617025,0.00726219,};

    ibin = 3;
    if (eta >= -2.5 && eta < -2.0) ibin = 0;
    if (eta >= -2.0 && eta < -1.5) ibin = 1;
    if (eta >= -1.5 && eta < -1.0) ibin = 2;
    if (eta >= -1.0 && eta < -0.5) ibin = 3;
    if (eta >= -0.5 && eta < -0.1) ibin = 4;
    if (eta >= -0.1 && eta < 0.1) ibin = 5;
    if (eta >= 0.1 && eta < 0.5) ibin = 6;
    if (eta >= 0.5 && eta < 1.0) ibin = 7;
    if (eta >= 1.0 && eta < 1.5) ibin = 8;
    if (eta >= 1.5 && eta < 2.0) ibin = 9;
    if (eta >= 2.0 && eta < 2.5) ibin = 10;

    double eff_eta = wz_tau1p_eta[ibin];
    //double err_eta = ewz_tau1p_eta[ibin];

    eff = (eff * eff_eta) / avgrate;
  }

  if (flavor == 16) { //weight hadronic tau 3p

    float wz_tau3p[] = {
        0.000587199,
        0.00247181,
        0.0013031,
        0.00280112,
    };
    //float ewz_tau3p[] ={0.000415091,0.000617187,0.000582385,0.00197792,};

    int ibin = 0;
    if (pt > 15) ibin = 1;
    if (pt > 20) ibin = 2;
    if (pt > 40) ibin = 3;
    if (pt > 80) ibin = 4;

    eff = wz_tau3p[ibin];
    //err = ewz_tau3p[ibin];
  }

  return eff;
}


/// Function giving observed upper limit (visible cross-section)
double getUpperLimit(const string& signal_region, bool observed) {
  map<string, double> upperLimitsObserved;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_cut_0"] = 11.;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_cut_100"] = 8.7;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_cut_150"] = 4.0;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_cut_200"] = 4.4;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_cut_300"] = 1.6;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_cut_0"] = 25.;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_cut_100"] = 14.;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_cut_150"] = 6.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_cut_200"] = 3.3;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_cut_300"] = 1.2;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 48.;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_100"] = 38.;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_150"] = 14.;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_200"] = 7.2;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_300"] = 4.5;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 85.;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_100"] = 53.;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_150"] = 11.0;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_200"] = 5.2;
  upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_300"] = 3.0;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_cut_0"] = 2.6;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_cut_50"] = 2.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_cut_75"] = 2.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_0"] = 4.2;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_50"] = 3.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_75"] = 2.6;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_20"] = 11.0;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_50"] = 6.4;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_75"] = 5.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_20"] = 5.9;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_50"] = 3.4;
  upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_75"] = 1.2;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_cut_0"] = 11.;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_cut_50"] = 5.3;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_cut_75"] = 3.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_cut_0"] = 23.;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_cut_50"] = 4.3;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_cut_75"] = 3.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_20"] = 41.;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_50"] = 16.;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_75"] = 8.0;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_20"] = 80.;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_50"] = 4.4;
  upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_75"] = 1.8;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_cut_0"] = 11.;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_cut_150"] = 8.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_cut_300"] = 3.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_cut_500"] = 2.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_cut_0"] = 25.;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_cut_150"] = 12.;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_cut_300"] = 3.9;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_cut_500"] = 2.2;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 48.;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_150"] = 37.;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_300"] = 11.;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_500"] = 4.8;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 85.;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_150"] = 28.;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_300"] = 5.9;
  upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_500"] = 1.9;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_cut_0"] = 3.8;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_cut_150"] = 3.8;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_cut_300"] = 2.8;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_cut_500"] = 2.1;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_0"] = 3.9;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_150"] = 4.0;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_300"] = 2.9;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_500"] = 1.5;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 10.0;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_150"] = 10.0;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_300"] = 6.8;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_500"] = 3.9;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 1.6;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_150"] = 1.4;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_300"] = 1.5;
  upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_500"] = 0.9;

  // Expected upper limits are also given but not used in this analysis
  map<string, double> upperLimitsExpected;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_cut_0"] = 11.;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_cut_100"] = 8.5;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_cut_150"] = 4.6;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_cut_200"] = 3.6;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_cut_300"] = 1.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_cut_0"] = 23.;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_cut_100"] = 14.;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_cut_150"] = 6.4;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_cut_200"] = 3.6;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_cut_300"] = 1.5;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 33.;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_100"] = 25.;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_150"] = 12.;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_200"] = 6.5;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_300"] = 3.1;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 94.;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_100"] = 61.;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_150"] = 9.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_200"] = 4.5;
  upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_300"] = 1.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_cut_0"] = 3.1;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_cut_50"] = 2.4;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_cut_75"] = 2.3;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_0"] = 4.8;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_50"] = 3.3;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_75"] = 2.1;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_20"] = 8.7;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_50"] = 4.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_75"] = 3.8;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_20"] = 7.3;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_50"] = 2.8;
  upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_75"] = 1.5;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_cut_0"] = 10.;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_cut_50"] = 4.7;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_cut_75"] = 3.0;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_cut_0"] = 21.;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_cut_50"] = 4.0;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_cut_75"] = 2.6;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_20"] = 30.;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_50"] = 10.;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_75"] = 5.4;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_20"] = 88.;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_50"] = 5.5;
  upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_75"] = 2.2;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_cut_0"] = 11.;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_cut_150"] = 8.8;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_cut_300"] = 3.7;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_cut_500"] = 2.1;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_cut_0"] = 23.;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_cut_150"] = 13.;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_cut_300"] = 4.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_cut_500"] = 2.4;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 33.;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_150"] = 25.;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_300"] = 9.;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_500"] = 3.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 94.;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_150"] = 35.;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_300"] = 6.8;
  upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_500"] = 2.5;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_cut_0"] = 3.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_cut_150"] = 3.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_cut_300"] = 3.0;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_cut_500"] = 2.0;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_0"] = 3.8;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_150"] = 3.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_300"] = 3.1;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_cut_500"] = 1.6;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 6.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_150"] = 7.1;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_300"] = 4.9;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_500"] = 3.0;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 2.4;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_150"] = 2.5;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_300"] = 2.0;
  upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_500"] = 1.1;

  if (observed)
    return upperLimitsObserved[signal_region];
  else
    return upperLimitsExpected[signal_region];
}


/// Function checking if there is an OSSF lepton pair or a combination of 3 leptons with an invariant mass close to the Z mass
/// @todo Should the reference Z mass be 91.2?
int isonZ(const Particles& particles) {
  int onZ = 0;
  double best_mass_2 = 999.;
  double best_mass_3 = 999.;

  // Loop over all 2 particle combinations to find invariant mass of OSSF pair closest to Z mass
  for (const Particle& p1 : particles) {
    for (const Particle& p2 : particles) {
      double mass_difference_2_old = fabs(91.0 - best_mass_2);
      double mass_difference_2_new = fabs(91.0 - (p1.momentum() + p2.momentum()).mass() / GeV);

      // If particle combination is OSSF pair calculate mass difference to Z mass
      if ((p1.pid() * p2.pid() == -121 || p1.pid() * p2.pid() == -169)) {

        // Get invariant mass closest to Z mass
        if (mass_difference_2_new < mass_difference_2_old)
          best_mass_2 = (p1.momentum() + p2.momentum()).mass() / GeV;

        // In case there is an OSSF pair take also 3rd lepton into account (e.g. from FSR and photon to electron conversion)
        for (const Particle& p3 : particles) {
          double mass_difference_3_old = fabs(91.0 - best_mass_3);
          double mass_difference_3_new = fabs(
              91.0 - (p1.momentum() + p2.momentum() + p3.momentum()).mass() / GeV);
          if (mass_difference_3_new < mass_difference_3_old)
            best_mass_3 = (p1.momentum() + p2.momentum() + p3.momentum()).mass() / GeV;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Pick the minimum invariant mass of the best OSSF pair combination and the best 3 lepton combination
  // If this mass is in a 20 GeV window around the Z mass, the event is classified as onZ
  double best_mass = min(best_mass_2, best_mass_3);
  if (fabs(91.0 - best_mass) < 20) onZ = 1;
  return onZ;
}

/// @}

private:

/// Histograms
/// @{
Histo1DPtr _h_HTlep_all, _h_HTjets_all, _h_MET_all, _h_Meff_all;
Histo1DPtr _h_pt_1_3l, _h_pt_2_3l, _h_pt_3_3l, _h_pt_1_2ltau, _h_pt_2_2ltau, _h_pt_3_2ltau;
Histo1DPtr _h_e_n, _h_mu_n, _h_tau_n;
Histo1DPtr _h_excluded;
/// @}

/// Fiducial efficiencies to model the effects of the ATLAS detector
bool _use_fiducial_lepton_efficiency;

/// List of signal regions and event counts per signal region
vector<string> _signal_regions;

map<string, CounterPtr> _eventCountsPerSR;

};

RIVET_DECLARE_PLUGIN(ATLAS_2012_I1204447);

} ```