Rivet analyses

Inclusive multilepton search at 8 TeV

Experiment: ATLAS (LHC)

Inspire ID: 1327229

Status: VALIDATED

Authors: - Joern Mahlstedt

References: - Expt page: ATLAS-EXOT-2012-20 - arXiv: 1411.2921

Beams: p+ p+

Beam energies: (4000.0, 4000.0)GeV

Run details: - Any process producing at least 3 leptons (e.g. pair production of doubly-charged Higgs or excited leptons)

A generic search for anomalous production of events with at least three charged leptons is presented. The data sample consists of pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8$,TeV collected in 2012 by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.3,fb−1. Events are required to have at least three selected lepton candidates, at least two of which must be electrons or muons, while the third may be a hadronically decaying tau. Selected events are categorized based on their lepton flavour content and signal regions are constructed using several kinematic variables of interest. No significant deviations from Standard Model predictions are observed. Model-independent upper limits on contributions from beyond the Standard Model phenomena are provided for each signal region, along with prescription to re-interpret the limits for any model. Constraints are also placed on models predicting doubly charged Higgs bosons and excited leptons. For doubly charged Higgs bosons decaying to eτ or $\muon\tau$, lower limits on the mass are set at 400,GeV at 95,% confidence level. For excited leptons, constraints are provided as functions of both the mass of the excited state and the compositeness scale Λ, with the strongest mass constraints arising in regions where the mass equals Λ. In such scenarios, lower mass limits are set at 3.0,TeV for excited electrons and muons, 2.5,TeV for excited taus, and 1.6,TeV for every excited-neutrino flavour.

Source code:ATLAS_2014_I1327229.cc

// -*- C++ -*-
#include "Rivet/Analysis.hh"
#include "Rivet/Projections/FinalState.hh"
#include "Rivet/Projections/ChargedFinalState.hh"
#include "Rivet/Projections/VisibleFinalState.hh"
#include "Rivet/Projections/VetoedFinalState.hh"
#include "Rivet/Projections/IdentifiedFinalState.hh"
#include "Rivet/Projections/UnstableParticles.hh"
#include "Rivet/Projections/FastJets.hh"
#include "Rivet/Tools/Random.hh"

namespace Rivet {


  /// Inclusive multilepton search at 8 TeV
  class ATLAS_2014_I1327229 : public Analysis {
  public:

    /// Constructor
    RIVET_DEFAULT_ANALYSIS_CTOR(ATLAS_2014_I1327229);


    /// Book histograms and initialise projections before the run
    void init() {

      // To calculate the acceptance without having the fiducial lepton efficiencies included, this part can be turned off
      _use_fiducial_lepton_efficiency = true;

      // Read in all signal regions
      _signal_regions = getSignalRegions();

      // Set number of events per signal region to 0
      for (size_t i = 0; i < _signal_regions.size(); i++)
        book(_eventCountsPerSR[_signal_regions[i]], "_eventCountsPerSR_" + _signal_regions[i]);

      // Final state including all charged and neutral particles
      const FinalState fs((Cuts::etaIn(-5.0, 5.0) && Cuts::pT >=  1*GeV));
      declare(fs, "FS");

      // Final state including all charged particles
      declare(ChargedFinalState((Cuts::etaIn(-2.5, 2.5) && Cuts::pT >=  1*GeV)), "CFS");

      // Final state including all visible particles (to calculate MET, Jets etc.)
      declare(VisibleFinalState((Cuts::etaIn(-5.0,5.0))),"VFS");

      // Final state including all AntiKt 04 Jets
      VetoedFinalState vfs;
      vfs.addVetoPairId(PID::MUON);
      declare(FastJets(vfs, JetAlg::ANTIKT, 0.4), "AntiKtJets04");

      // Final state including all unstable particles (including taus)
      declare(UnstableParticles(Cuts::abseta < 5.0 && Cuts::pT > 5*GeV),"UFS");

      // Final state including all electrons
      IdentifiedFinalState elecs(Cuts::abseta < 2.47 && Cuts::pT > 10*GeV);
      elecs.acceptIdPair(PID::ELECTRON);
      declare(elecs, "elecs");

      // Final state including all muons
      IdentifiedFinalState muons(Cuts::abseta < 2.5 && Cuts::pT > 10*GeV);
      muons.acceptIdPair(PID::MUON);
      declare(muons, "muons");



      /// Book histograms:
      book(_h_HTlep_all ,"HTlep_all", 30,0,3000);
      book(_h_HTjets_all ,"HTjets_all", 30,0,3000);
      book(_h_MET_all ,"MET_all", 30,0,1500);
      book(_h_Meff_all ,"Meff_all", 50,0,5000);
      book(_h_min_pT_all ,"min_pT_all", 50, 0, 2000);
      book(_h_mT_all ,"mT_all", 50, 0, 2000);

      book(_h_e_n ,"e_n", 10, -0.5, 9.5);
      book(_h_mu_n ,"mu_n", 10, -0.5, 9.5);
      book(_h_tau_n ,"tau_n", 10, -0.5, 9.5);

      book(_h_pt_1_3l ,"pt_1_3l", 100, 0, 2000);
      book(_h_pt_2_3l ,"pt_2_3l", 100, 0, 2000);
      book(_h_pt_3_3l ,"pt_3_3l", 100, 0, 2000);
      book(_h_pt_1_2ltau ,"pt_1_2ltau", 100, 0, 2000);
      book(_h_pt_2_2ltau ,"pt_2_2ltau", 100, 0, 2000);
      book(_h_pt_3_2ltau ,"pt_3_2ltau", 100, 0, 2000);

      book(_h_excluded ,"excluded", 2, -0.5, 1.5);
    }


    /// Perform the per-event analysis
    void analyze(const Event& event) {

      // Muons
      Particles muon_candidates;
      const Particles charged_tracks = apply<ChargedFinalState>(event, "CFS").particles();
      const Particles visible_particles = apply<VisibleFinalState>(event, "VFS").particles();
      for (const Particle& mu : apply<IdentifiedFinalState>(event, "muons").particlesByPt() ) {

        // Calculate pTCone30 variable (pT of all tracks within dR<0.3 - pT of muon itself)
        double pTinCone = -mu.pT();
        for (const Particle& track : charged_tracks ) {
          if (deltaR(mu.momentum(),track.momentum()) < 0.3 )
            pTinCone += track.pT();
        }

        // Calculate eTCone30 variable (pT of all visible particles within dR<0.3)
        double eTinCone = 0.;
        for (const Particle& visible_particle : visible_particles) {
          if (visible_particle.abspid() != PID::MUON && inRange(deltaR(mu.momentum(),visible_particle.momentum()), 0.1, 0.3))
            eTinCone += visible_particle.pT();
        }

        // Apply reconstruction efficiency and simulate reconstruction
        int muon_id = 13;
        if (mu.hasAncestorWith(Cuts::pid == PID::TAU) || mu.hasAncestorWith(Cuts::pid == -PID::TAU)) muon_id = 14;
        const double eff = (_use_fiducial_lepton_efficiency) ? apply_reco_eff(muon_id,mu) : 1.0;
        const bool keep_muon = rand01()<=eff;

        // Keep muon if pTCone30/pT < 0.15 and eTCone30/pT < 0.2 and reconstructed
        if (keep_muon && pTinCone/mu.pT() <= 0.1 && eTinCone/mu.pT() < 0.1)
          muon_candidates.push_back(mu);
      }

      // Electrons
      Particles electron_candidates;
      for (const Particle& e : apply<IdentifiedFinalState>(event, "elecs").particlesByPt() ) {
        // Neglect electrons in crack regions
        if (inRange(e.abseta(), 1.37, 1.52)) continue;

        // Calculate pTCone30 variable (pT of all tracks within dR<0.3 - pT of electron itself)
        double pTinCone = -e.pT();
        for (const Particle& track : charged_tracks) {
          if (deltaR(e.momentum(), track.momentum()) < 0.3 ) pTinCone += track.pT();
        }

        // Calculate eTCone30 variable (pT of all visible particles (except muons) within dR<0.3)
        double eTinCone = 0.;
        for (const Particle& visible_particle : visible_particles) {
          if (visible_particle.abspid() != PID::MUON && inRange(deltaR(e.momentum(),visible_particle.momentum()), 0.1, 0.3))
            eTinCone += visible_particle.pT();
        }

        // Apply reconstruction efficiency and simulate reconstruction
        int elec_id = 11;
        if (e.hasAncestorWith(Cuts::pid == 15) || e.hasAncestorWith(Cuts::pid == -15)) elec_id = 12;
        const double eff = (_use_fiducial_lepton_efficiency) ? apply_reco_eff(elec_id,e) : 1.0;
        const bool keep_elec = rand01()<=eff;

        // Keep electron if pTCone30/pT < 0.13 and eTCone30/pT < 0.2 and reconstructed
        if (keep_elec && pTinCone/e.pT() <= 0.1  && eTinCone/e.pT() < 0.1)
          electron_candidates.push_back(e);
      }


      // Taus
      Particles tau_candidates;
      for (const Particle& tau : apply<UnstableParticles>(event, "UFS").particles() ) {
        // Only pick taus out of all unstable particles
        if ( tau.abspid() != PID::TAU) continue;
        // Check that tau has decayed into daughter particles
        if (tau.genParticle()->end_vertex() == 0) continue;
        // Calculate visible tau momentum using the tau neutrino momentum in the tau decay
        FourMomentum daughter_tau_neutrino_momentum = get_tau_neutrino_momentum(tau);
        Particle tau_vis = tau;
        tau_vis.setMomentum(tau.momentum()-daughter_tau_neutrino_momentum);
        // keep only taus in certain eta region and above 15 GeV of visible tau pT
        if ( tau_vis.pT()/GeV <= 15.0 || tau_vis.abseta() > 2.5) continue;

        // Get prong number (number of tracks) in tau decay and check if tau decays leptonically
        unsigned int nprong = 0;
        bool lep_decaying_tau = false;
        get_prong_number(tau.genParticle(),nprong,lep_decaying_tau);

        // Apply reconstruction efficiency and simulate reconstruction
        int tau_id = 15;
        if (nprong == 1) tau_id = 15;
        else if (nprong == 3) tau_id = 16;


        const double eff = (_use_fiducial_lepton_efficiency) ? apply_reco_eff(tau_id,tau_vis) : 1.0;
        const bool keep_tau = rand01()<=eff;

        // Keep tau if nprong = 1, it decays hadronically and it is reconstructed
        if ( !lep_decaying_tau && nprong == 1 && keep_tau) tau_candidates.push_back(tau_vis);
      }

      // Jets (all anti-kt R=0.4 jets with pT > 30 GeV and eta < 4.9
      Jets jet_candidates = apply<FastJets>(event, "AntiKtJets04").jetsByPt(Cuts::pT > 30.0*GeV && Cuts::abseta < 4.9);

      // ETmiss
      Particles vfs_particles = apply<VisibleFinalState>(event, "VFS").particles();
      FourMomentum pTmiss;
      for (const Particle& p : vfs_particles)
        pTmiss -= p.momentum();
      double eTmiss = pTmiss.pT()/GeV;


      // -------------------------
      // Overlap removal

      // electron - electron
      Particles electron_candidates_2;
      for(size_t ie = 0; ie < electron_candidates.size(); ++ie) {
        const Particle& e = electron_candidates[ie];
        bool away = true;
        // If electron pair within dR < 0.1: remove electron with lower pT
        for(size_t ie2 = 0; ie2 < electron_candidates_2.size(); ++ie2) {
          if (deltaR(e.momentum(),electron_candidates_2[ie2].momentum()) < 0.1 ) {
            away = false;
            break;
          }
        }
        // If isolated keep it
        if ( away )
          electron_candidates_2.push_back( e );
      }

      // jet - electron
      Jets recon_jets;
      for (const Jet& jet : jet_candidates) {
        bool away = true;
        // If jet within dR < 0.2 of electron: remove jet
        for (const Particle& e : electron_candidates_2) {
          if (deltaR(e.momentum(), jet.momentum()) < 0.2 ) {
            away = false;
            break;
          }
        }

        // jet - tau
        if ( away )  {
          // If jet within dR < 0.2 of tau: remove jet
          for (const Particle& tau : tau_candidates) {
            if (deltaR(tau.momentum(), jet.momentum()) < 0.2 ) {
              away = false;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
        // If isolated keep it
        if ( away )
          recon_jets.push_back( jet );
      }

      // electron - jet
      Particles recon_leptons, recon_e;
      for (size_t ie = 0; ie < electron_candidates_2.size(); ++ie) {
        const Particle& e = electron_candidates_2[ie];
        // If electron within 0.2 < dR < 0.4 from any jets: remove electron
        bool away = true;
        for (const Jet& jet : recon_jets) {
          if (deltaR(e.momentum(), jet.momentum()) < 0.4 ) {
            away = false;
            break;
          }
        }
        // electron - muon
        // If electron within dR < 0.1 of a muon: remove electron
        if (away) {
          for (const Particle& mu : muon_candidates) {
            if (deltaR(mu.momentum(),e.momentum()) < 0.1) {
              away = false;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
        // If isolated keep it
        if ( away )  {
          recon_e.push_back( e );
          recon_leptons.push_back( e );
          }
      }

      // tau - electron
      Particles recon_tau;
      for (const Particle& tau : tau_candidates) {
        bool away = true;
        // If tau within dR < 0.2 of an electron: remove tau
        for (const Particle & e : recon_e) {
          if (deltaR(tau.momentum(),e.momentum()) < 0.2 ) {
            away = false;
            break;
          }
        }
        // tau - muon
        // If tau within dR < 0.2 of a muon: remove tau
        if (away)  {
          for (const Particle& mu : muon_candidates) {
            if (deltaR(tau.momentum(), mu.momentum()) < 0.2 ) {
              away = false;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
        // If isolated keep it
        if (away) recon_tau.push_back( tau );
      }

      // muon - jet
      Particles recon_mu, trigger_mu;
      // If muon within dR < 0.4 of a jet: remove muon
      for (const Particle& mu : muon_candidates ) {
        bool away = true;
        for (const Jet& jet : recon_jets) {
          if (deltaR(mu.momentum(), jet.momentum()) < 0.4 ) {
            away = false;
            break;
          }
        }
        if (away)  {
          recon_mu.push_back( mu );
          recon_leptons.push_back( mu );
          if (mu.abseta() < 2.4) trigger_mu.push_back( mu );
        }
      }

      // End overlap removal
      // ---------------------

      // Jet cleaning
      if (rand01() <= 0.42) {
        for (const Jet& jet : recon_jets ) {
          const double eta = jet.rapidity();
          const double phi = jet.azimuthalAngle(MINUSPI_PLUSPI);
          if(jet.pT() > 25*GeV && inRange(eta,-0.1,1.5) && inRange(phi,-0.9,-0.5)) vetoEvent;
        }
      }

      // Event selection
      // Require at least 3 charged tracks in event
      if (charged_tracks.size() < 3) vetoEvent;

      // And at least one e/mu passing trigger
      if( !( !recon_e.empty() && recon_e[0].pT()>26.*GeV)  &&
          !( !trigger_mu.empty() && trigger_mu[0].pT()>26.*GeV) ) {
        MSG_DEBUG("Hardest lepton fails trigger");
        vetoEvent;
      }

      // And only accept events with at least 2 electrons and muons and at least 3 leptons in total
      if (recon_mu.size() + recon_e.size() + recon_tau.size() < 3 || recon_leptons.size() < 2) vetoEvent;

      // Sort leptons by decreasing pT
      isortByPt(recon_leptons);
      isortByPt(recon_tau);

      // Calculate HTlep, fill lepton pT histograms & store chosen combination of 3 leptons
      double HTlep = 0.;
      Particles chosen_leptons;
      if (recon_leptons.size() > 2) {
        _h_pt_1_3l->fill(recon_leptons[0].pT()/GeV);
        _h_pt_2_3l->fill(recon_leptons[1].pT()/GeV);
        _h_pt_3_3l->fill(recon_leptons[2].pT()/GeV);
        HTlep = (recon_leptons[0].pT() + recon_leptons[1].pT() + recon_leptons[2].pT())/GeV;
        chosen_leptons.push_back( recon_leptons[0] );
        chosen_leptons.push_back( recon_leptons[1] );
        chosen_leptons.push_back( recon_leptons[2] );
      }
      else {
        _h_pt_1_2ltau->fill(recon_leptons[0].pT()/GeV);
        _h_pt_2_2ltau->fill(recon_leptons[1].pT()/GeV);
        _h_pt_3_2ltau->fill(recon_tau[0].pT()/GeV);
        HTlep = recon_leptons[0].pT()/GeV + recon_leptons[1].pT()/GeV + recon_tau[0].pT()/GeV;
        chosen_leptons.push_back( recon_leptons[0] );
        chosen_leptons.push_back( recon_leptons[1] );
        chosen_leptons.push_back( recon_tau[0] );
      }

      // Calculate mT and mTW variable
      Particles mT_leptons;
      Particles mTW_leptons;
      for (size_t i1 = 0; i1 < 3; i1 ++)  {
        for (size_t i2 = i1+1; i2 < 3; i2 ++)  {
          double OSSF_inv_mass = isOSSF_mass(chosen_leptons[i1],chosen_leptons[i2]);
          if (OSSF_inv_mass != 0.)  {
            for (size_t i3 = 0; i3 < 3 ; i3 ++)  {
              if (i3 != i2 && i3 != i1)  {
                mT_leptons.push_back(chosen_leptons[i3]);
                if ( fabs(91.0 - OSSF_inv_mass) < 20. )
                  mTW_leptons.push_back(chosen_leptons[i3]);
              }
            }
          }
          else  {
            mT_leptons.push_back(chosen_leptons[0]);
            mTW_leptons.push_back(chosen_leptons[0]);
          }
        }
      }

      isortByPt(mT_leptons);
      isortByPt(mTW_leptons);

      double mT = sqrt(2*pTmiss.pT()/GeV*mT_leptons[0].pT()/GeV*(1-cos(pTmiss.phi()-mT_leptons[0].phi())));
      double mTW = sqrt(2*pTmiss.pT()/GeV*mTW_leptons[0].pT()/GeV*(1-cos(pTmiss.phi()-mTW_leptons[0].phi())));

      // Calculate Min pT variable
      double min_pT = chosen_leptons[2].pT()/GeV;

      // Number of prompt e/mu and had taus
      _h_e_n->fill(recon_e.size());
      _h_mu_n->fill(recon_mu.size());
      _h_tau_n->fill(recon_tau.size());

      // Calculate HTjets variable
      double HTjets = 0.;
      for (const Jet& jet : recon_jets)
        HTjets += jet.pT()/GeV;

      // Calculate meff variable
      double meff = eTmiss + HTjets;
      Particles all_leptons;
      for (const Particle& e : recon_e ) {
        meff += e.pT()/GeV;
        all_leptons.push_back( e );
      }
      for (const Particle& mu : recon_mu) {
        meff += mu.pT()/GeV;
        all_leptons.push_back( mu );
      }
      for (const Particle& tau : recon_tau) {
        meff += tau.pT()/GeV;
        all_leptons.push_back( tau );
      }

      // Fill histograms of kinematic variables
      _h_HTlep_all->fill(HTlep);
      _h_HTjets_all->fill(HTjets);
      _h_MET_all->fill(eTmiss);
      _h_Meff_all->fill(meff);
      _h_min_pT_all->fill(min_pT);
      _h_mT_all->fill(mT);

      // Determine signal region (3l / 2ltau , onZ / offZ OSSF / offZ no-OSSF)
      // 3l vs. 2ltau
      string basic_signal_region;
      if (recon_mu.size() + recon_e.size() > 2)
        basic_signal_region += "3l_";
      else if ( (recon_mu.size() + recon_e.size() == 2) && (recon_tau.size() > 0))
        basic_signal_region += "2ltau_";

      // Is there an OSSF pair or a three lepton combination with an invariant mass close to the Z mass
      int onZ = isonZ(chosen_leptons);
      if (onZ == 1) basic_signal_region += "onZ";
      else if (onZ == 0)  {
        bool OSSF = isOSSF(chosen_leptons);
        if (OSSF) basic_signal_region += "offZ_OSSF";
        else basic_signal_region += "offZ_noOSSF";
        }

      // Check in which signal regions this event falls and adjust event counters
      // INFO: The b-jet signal regions of the paper are not included in this Rivet implementation
      fillEventCountsPerSR(basic_signal_region,onZ,HTlep,eTmiss,HTjets,meff,min_pT,mTW);
    }


    /// Normalise histograms etc., after the run
    void finalize() {

      // Normalize to an integrated luminosity of 1 fb-1
      double norm = crossSection()/femtobarn/sumOfWeights();

      string best_signal_region = "";
      double ratio_best_SR = 0.;

      // Loop over all signal regions and find signal region with best sensitivity (ratio signal events/visible cross-section)
      for (size_t i = 0; i < _signal_regions.size(); i++) {
        double signal_events = _eventCountsPerSR[_signal_regions[i]]->val() * norm;
        // Use expected upper limits to find best signal region:
        double UL95 = getUpperLimit(_signal_regions[i],false);
        double ratio = signal_events / UL95;
        if (ratio > ratio_best_SR)  {
          best_signal_region = _signal_regions.at(i);
          ratio_best_SR = ratio;
        }
      }

      double signal_events_best_SR = _eventCountsPerSR[best_signal_region]->val() * norm;
      double exp_UL_best_SR = getUpperLimit(best_signal_region, false);
      double obs_UL_best_SR = getUpperLimit(best_signal_region, true);


      // Print out result
      cout << "----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------" << '\n';
      cout << "Number of total events: " << sumOfWeights() << '\n';
      cout << "Best signal region: " << best_signal_region << '\n';
      cout << "Normalized number of signal events in this best signal region (per fb-1): " << signal_events_best_SR << '\n';
      cout << "Efficiency*Acceptance: " << _eventCountsPerSR[best_signal_region]->val()/sumOfWeights() << '\n';
      cout << "Cross-section [fb]: " << crossSection()/femtobarn << '\n';
      cout << "Expected visible cross-section (per fb-1): " << exp_UL_best_SR << '\n';
      cout << "Ratio (signal events / expected visible cross-section): " << ratio_best_SR << '\n';
      cout << "Observed visible cross-section (per fb-1): " << obs_UL_best_SR << '\n';
      cout << "Ratio (signal events / observed visible cross-section): " <<  signal_events_best_SR/obs_UL_best_SR << '\n';
      cout << "----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------" << '\n';

      cout << "Using the EXPECTED limits (visible cross-section) of the analysis: " << '\n';
      if (signal_events_best_SR > exp_UL_best_SR)  {
        cout << "Since the number of signal events > the visible cross-section, this model/grid point is EXCLUDED with 95% C.L." << '\n';
        _h_excluded->fill(1);
      }
      else  {
        cout << "Since the number of signal events < the visible cross-section, this model/grid point is NOT EXCLUDED." << '\n';
        _h_excluded->fill(0);
      }
      cout << "----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------" << '\n';

      cout << "Using the OBSERVED limits (visible cross-section) of the analysis: " << '\n';
      if (signal_events_best_SR > obs_UL_best_SR)  {
        cout << "Since the number of signal events > the visible cross-section, this model/grid point is EXCLUDED with 95% C.L." << '\n';
        _h_excluded->fill(1);
      }
      else  {
        cout << "Since the number of signal events < the visible cross-section, this model/grid point is NOT EXCLUDED." << '\n';
        _h_excluded->fill(0);
      }
      cout << "----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------" << '\n';
      cout << "INFO: The b-jet signal regions of the paper are not included in this Rivet implementation." << '\n';
      cout << "----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------" << '\n';


      /// Normalize to cross section

      if (norm != 0)  {
        scale(_h_HTlep_all, norm);
        scale(_h_HTjets_all, norm);
        scale(_h_MET_all, norm);
        scale(_h_Meff_all, norm);
        scale(_h_min_pT_all, norm);
        scale(_h_mT_all, norm);

        scale(_h_pt_1_3l, norm);
        scale(_h_pt_2_3l, norm);
        scale(_h_pt_3_3l, norm);
        scale(_h_pt_1_2ltau, norm);
        scale(_h_pt_2_2ltau, norm);
        scale(_h_pt_3_2ltau, norm);

        scale(_h_e_n, norm);
        scale(_h_mu_n, norm);
        scale(_h_tau_n, norm);

        scale(_h_excluded, norm);
      }

    }


    /// Helper functions
    /// @{
    /// Function giving a list of all signal regions
    vector<string> getSignalRegions()  {

      // List of basic signal regions
      vector<string> basic_signal_regions;
      basic_signal_regions.push_back("3l_offZ_OSSF");
      basic_signal_regions.push_back("3l_offZ_noOSSF");
      basic_signal_regions.push_back("3l_onZ");
      basic_signal_regions.push_back("2ltau_offZ_OSSF");
      basic_signal_regions.push_back("2ltau_offZ_noOSSF");
      basic_signal_regions.push_back("2ltau_onZ");

      // List of kinematic variables
      vector<string> kinematic_variables;
      kinematic_variables.push_back("HTlep");
      kinematic_variables.push_back("METStrong");
      kinematic_variables.push_back("METWeak");
      kinematic_variables.push_back("Meff");
      kinematic_variables.push_back("MeffStrong");
      kinematic_variables.push_back("MeffMt");
      kinematic_variables.push_back("MinPt");

      vector<string> signal_regions;
      // Loop over all kinematic variables and basic signal regions
      for (size_t i0 = 0; i0 < kinematic_variables.size(); i0++)  {
        for (size_t i1 = 0; i1 < basic_signal_regions.size(); i1++)  {
          // Is signal region onZ?
          int onZ = (basic_signal_regions[i1].find("onZ") != string::npos) ? 1 : 0;
          // Get cut values for this kinematic variable
          vector<int> cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion(kinematic_variables[i0], onZ);
          // Loop over all cut values
          for (size_t i2 = 0; i2 < cut_values.size(); i2++)  {
            // Push signal region into vector
            signal_regions.push_back( kinematic_variables[i0] + "_" + basic_signal_regions[i1] + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i2]) );
          }
        }
      }
      return signal_regions;
    }



    /// Function giving all cut values per kinematic variable
    vector<int> getCutsPerSignalRegion(const string& signal_region, int onZ = 0)  {
      vector<int> cutValues;

      // Cut values for HTlep
      if (signal_region.compare("HTlep") == 0)  {
        cutValues.push_back(0);
        cutValues.push_back(200);
        cutValues.push_back(500);
        cutValues.push_back(800);
        }
      // Cut values for MinPt
      else if (signal_region.compare("MinPt") == 0)  {
        cutValues.push_back(0);
        cutValues.push_back(50);
        cutValues.push_back(100);
        cutValues.push_back(150);
        }
      // Cut values for METStrong (HTjets > 150 GeV) and METWeak (HTjets < 150 GeV)
      else if (signal_region.compare("METStrong") == 0 || signal_region.compare("METWeak") == 0)  {
        cutValues.push_back(0);
        cutValues.push_back(100);
        cutValues.push_back(200);
        cutValues.push_back(300);
        }
      // Cut values for Meff
      if (signal_region.compare("Meff") == 0)  {
        cutValues.push_back(0);
        cutValues.push_back(600);
        cutValues.push_back(1000);
        cutValues.push_back(1500);
        }
      // Cut values for MeffStrong (MET > 100 GeV)
      if ((signal_region.compare("MeffStrong") == 0 || signal_region.compare("MeffMt") == 0) && onZ ==1)  {
        cutValues.push_back(0);
        cutValues.push_back(600);
        cutValues.push_back(1200);
        }

      return cutValues;
    }

    /// function fills map _eventCountsPerSR by looping over all signal regions
    /// and looking if the event falls into this signal region
    void fillEventCountsPerSR(const string& basic_signal_region, int onZ,
                              double HTlep, double eTmiss, double HTjets,
                              double meff, double min_pT, double mTW)  {

      // Get cut values for HTlep, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
      vector<int> cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("HTlep", onZ);
      for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++)  {
        if (HTlep > cut_values[i])
          _eventCountsPerSR[("HTlep_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
      }

      // Get cut values for MinPt, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
      cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("MinPt", onZ);
      for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++)  {
        if (min_pT > cut_values[i])
          _eventCountsPerSR[("MinPt_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
      }

      // Get cut values for METStrong, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
      cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("METStrong", onZ);
      for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++)  {
        if (eTmiss > cut_values[i] && HTjets > 150.)
          _eventCountsPerSR[("METStrong_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
      }

      // Get cut values for METWeak, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
      cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("METWeak", onZ);
      for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++)  {
        if (eTmiss > cut_values[i] && HTjets <= 150.)
          _eventCountsPerSR[("METWeak_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
      }

      // Get cut values for Meff, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
      cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("Meff", onZ);
      for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++)  {
        if (meff > cut_values[i])
          _eventCountsPerSR[("Meff_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
      }

      // Get cut values for MeffStrong, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
      cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("MeffStrong", onZ);
      for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++)  {
        if (meff > cut_values[i] && eTmiss > 100.)
          _eventCountsPerSR[("MeffStrong_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
      }

      // Get cut values for MeffMt, loop over them and add event if cut is passed
      cut_values = getCutsPerSignalRegion("MeffMt", onZ);
      for (size_t i = 0; i < cut_values.size(); i++)  {
        if (meff > cut_values[i] && mTW > 100. && onZ == 1)
          _eventCountsPerSR[("MeffMt_" + basic_signal_region + "_cut_" + toString(cut_values[i]))]->fill();
      }

    }

    /// Function returning 4-momentum of daughter-particle if it is a tau neutrino
    FourMomentum get_tau_neutrino_momentum(const Particle& p)  {
      assert(p.abspid() == PID::TAU);
      ConstGenVertexPtr dv = p.genParticle()->end_vertex();
      assert(dv != nullptr);
      // Loop over all daughter particles
      for(ConstGenParticlePtr pp: HepMCUtils::particles(dv, Relatives::CHILDREN)){
        if (abs(pp->pdg_id()) == PID::NU_TAU) return FourMomentum(pp->momentum());
      }
      return FourMomentum();
    }

    /// Function calculating the prong number of taus
    void get_prong_number(ConstGenParticlePtr p, unsigned int& nprong, bool& lep_decaying_tau)  {
      assert(p != nullptr);
      ConstGenVertexPtr dv = p->end_vertex();
      assert(dv != nullptr);
      for(ConstGenParticlePtr pp: HepMCUtils::particles(dv, Relatives::CHILDREN)){
        // If they have status 1 and are charged they will produce a track and the prong number is +1
        if (pp->status() == 1 )  {
          const int id = pp->pdg_id();
          if (Rivet::PID::charge(id) != 0 ) ++nprong;
          // Check if tau decays leptonically
          if (( abs(id) == PID::ELECTRON || abs(id) == PID::MUON || abs(id) == PID::TAU ) && abs(p->pdg_id()) == PID::TAU) lep_decaying_tau = true;
        }
        // If the status of the daughter particle is 2 it is unstable and the further decays are checked
        else if (pp->status() == 2 )  {
          get_prong_number(pp,nprong,lep_decaying_tau);
        }
      }
    }

    /// Function giving fiducial lepton efficiency
    double apply_reco_eff(int flavor, const Particle& p) {
      double pt = p.pT()/GeV;
      double eta = p.eta();

      double eff = 0.;

      if (flavor == 11) { // weight prompt electron -- now including data/MC ID SF in eff.
        double avgrate = 0.685;
        const static double wz_ele[] =  {0.0256,0.522,0.607,0.654,0.708,0.737,0.761,0.784,0.815,0.835,0.851,0.841,0.898};
        // double ewz_ele[] = {0.000257,0.00492,0.00524,0.00519,0.00396,0.00449,0.00538,0.00513,0.00773,0.00753,0.0209,0.0964,0.259};
        int ibin = 0;
        if(pt > 10  && pt < 15) ibin = 0;
        if(pt > 15  && pt < 20) ibin = 1;
        if(pt > 20  && pt < 25) ibin = 2;
        if(pt > 25  && pt < 30) ibin = 3;
        if(pt > 30  && pt < 40) ibin = 4;
        if(pt > 40  && pt < 50) ibin = 5;
        if(pt > 50  && pt < 60) ibin = 6;
        if(pt > 60  && pt < 80) ibin = 7;
        if(pt > 80  && pt < 100) ibin = 8;
        if(pt > 100 && pt < 200) ibin = 9;
        if(pt > 200 && pt < 400) ibin = 10;
        if(pt > 400 && pt < 600) ibin = 11;
        if(pt > 600) ibin = 12;
        double eff_pt = 0.;
        eff_pt = wz_ele[ibin];

        eta = fabs(eta);

        const static double wz_ele_eta[] =  {0.65,0.714,0.722,0.689,0.635,0.615};
        // double ewz_ele_eta[] = {0.00642,0.00355,0.00335,0.004,0.00368,0.00422};
        ibin = 0;
        if(eta > 0 && eta < 0.1) ibin = 0;
        if(eta > 0.1 && eta < 0.5) ibin = 1;
        if(eta > 0.5 && eta < 1.0) ibin = 2;
        if(eta > 1.0 && eta < 1.5) ibin = 3;
        if(eta > 1.5 && eta < 2.0) ibin = 4;
        if(eta > 2.0 && eta < 2.5) ibin = 5;
        double eff_eta = 0.;
        eff_eta = wz_ele_eta[ibin];

        eff = (eff_pt * eff_eta) / avgrate;
      }

      if (flavor == 12) { // weight electron from tau
        double avgrate = 0.476;
        const static double wz_ele[] =  {0.00855,0.409,0.442,0.55,0.632,0.616,0.615,0.642,0.72,0.617};
        // double ewz_ele[] = {0.000573,0.0291,0.0366,0.0352,0.0363,0.0474,0.0628,0.0709,0.125,0.109};
        int ibin = 0;
        if(pt > 10  && pt < 15) ibin = 0;
        if(pt > 15  && pt < 20) ibin = 1;
        if(pt > 20  && pt < 25) ibin = 2;
        if(pt > 25  && pt < 30) ibin = 3;
        if(pt > 30  && pt < 40) ibin = 4;
        if(pt > 40  && pt < 50) ibin = 5;
        if(pt > 50  && pt < 60) ibin = 6;
        if(pt > 60  && pt < 80) ibin = 7;
        if(pt > 80  && pt < 100) ibin = 8;
        if(pt > 100)           ibin = 9;
        double eff_pt = 0.;
        eff_pt = wz_ele[ibin];

        eta = fabs(eta);

        const static double wz_ele_eta[] =  {0.546,0.5,0.513,0.421,0.47,0.433};
        //double ewz_ele_eta[] = {0.0566,0.0257,0.0263,0.0263,0.0303,0.0321};
        ibin = 0;
        if(eta > 0 && eta < 0.1) ibin = 0;
        if(eta > 0.1 && eta < 0.5) ibin = 1;
        if(eta > 0.5 && eta < 1.0) ibin = 2;
        if(eta > 1.0 && eta < 1.5) ibin = 3;
        if(eta > 1.5 && eta < 2.0) ibin = 4;
        if(eta > 2.0 && eta < 2.5) ibin = 5;
        double eff_eta = 0.;
        eff_eta = wz_ele_eta[ibin];

        eff = (eff_pt * eff_eta) / avgrate;
      }

      if (flavor == 13) { // weight prompt muon
        int ibin = 0;
        if(pt > 10  && pt < 15) ibin = 0;
        if(pt > 15  && pt < 20) ibin = 1;
        if(pt > 20  && pt < 25) ibin = 2;
        if(pt > 25  && pt < 30) ibin = 3;
        if(pt > 30  && pt < 40) ibin = 4;
        if(pt > 40  && pt < 50) ibin = 5;
        if(pt > 50  && pt < 60) ibin = 6;
        if(pt > 60  && pt < 80) ibin = 7;
        if(pt > 80  && pt < 100) ibin = 8;
        if(pt > 100 && pt < 200) ibin = 9;
        if(pt > 200 && pt < 400) ibin = 10;
        if(pt > 400) ibin = 11;
        if(fabs(eta) < 0.1) {
          const static double wz_mu[] =  {0.00705,0.402,0.478,0.49,0.492,0.499,0.527,0.512,0.53,0.528,0.465,0.465};
          //double ewz_mu[] = {0.000298,0.0154,0.017,0.0158,0.0114,0.0123,0.0155,0.0133,0.0196,0.0182,0.0414,0.0414};
          double eff_pt = 0.;
          eff_pt = wz_mu[ibin];
          eff = eff_pt;
        }
        if(fabs(eta) > 0.1) {
          const static double wz_mu[] =  {0.0224,0.839,0.887,0.91,0.919,0.923,0.925,0.925,0.922,0.918,0.884,0.834};
          //double ewz_mu[] = {0.000213,0.00753,0.0074,0.007,0.00496,0.00534,0.00632,0.00583,0.00849,0.00804,0.0224,0.0963};
          double eff_pt = 0.;
          eff_pt = wz_mu[ibin];
          eff = eff_pt;
        }
      }

      if (flavor == 14) { // weight muon from tau
        int ibin = 0;
        if(pt > 10  && pt < 15) ibin = 0;
        if(pt > 15  && pt < 20) ibin = 1;
        if(pt > 20  && pt < 25) ibin = 2;
        if(pt > 25  && pt < 30) ibin = 3;
        if(pt > 30  && pt < 40) ibin = 4;
        if(pt > 40  && pt < 50) ibin = 5;
        if(pt > 50  && pt < 60) ibin = 6;
        if(pt > 60  && pt < 80) ibin = 7;
        if(pt > 80  && pt < 100) ibin = 8;
        if(pt > 100) ibin = 9;

        if(fabs(eta) < 0.1) {
          const static double wz_mu[] =  {0.0,0.664,0.124,0.133,0.527,0.283,0.495,0.25,0.5,0.331};
          //double ewz_mu[] = {0.0,0.192,0.0437,0.0343,0.128,0.107,0.202,0.125,0.25,0.191};
          double eff_pt = 0.;
          eff_pt = wz_mu[ibin];
          eff = eff_pt;
        }
        if(fabs(eta) > 0.1) {
          const static double wz_mu[] =  {0.0,0.617,0.655,0.676,0.705,0.738,0.712,0.783,0.646,0.745};
          //double ewz_mu[] = {0.0,0.043,0.0564,0.0448,0.0405,0.0576,0.065,0.0825,0.102,0.132};
          double eff_pt = 0.;
          eff_pt = wz_mu[ibin];
          eff = eff_pt;
        }
      }

      if (flavor == 15) { // weight hadronic tau 1p
        double avgrate = 0.16;
        const static double wz_tau1p[] =  {0.0,0.0311,0.148,0.229,0.217,0.292,0.245,0.307,0.227,0.277};
        //double ewz_tau1p[] = {0.0,0.00211,0.0117,0.0179,0.0134,0.0248,0.0264,0.0322,0.0331,0.0427};
        int ibin = 0;
        if(pt > 10  && pt < 15) ibin = 0;
        if(pt > 15  && pt < 20) ibin = 1;
        if(pt > 20  && pt < 25) ibin = 2;
        if(pt > 25  && pt < 30) ibin = 3;
        if(pt > 30  && pt < 40) ibin = 4;
        if(pt > 40  && pt < 50) ibin = 5;
        if(pt > 50  && pt < 60) ibin = 6;
        if(pt > 60  && pt < 80) ibin = 7;
        if(pt > 80  && pt < 100) ibin = 8;
        if(pt > 100) ibin = 9;
        double eff_pt = 0.;
        eff_pt = wz_tau1p[ibin];

        const static double wz_tau1p_eta[] = {0.166,0.15,0.188,0.175,0.142,0.109};
        //double ewz_tau1p_eta[] ={0.0166,0.00853,0.0097,0.00985,0.00949,0.00842};
        ibin = 0;
        if(eta > 0.0 && eta < 0.1) ibin = 0;
        if(eta > 0.1 && eta < 0.5) ibin = 1;
        if(eta > 0.5 && eta < 1.0) ibin = 2;
        if(eta > 1.0 && eta < 1.5) ibin = 3;
        if(eta > 1.5 && eta < 2.0) ibin = 4;
        if(eta > 2.0 && eta < 2.5) ibin = 5;
        double eff_eta = 0.;
        eff_eta = wz_tau1p_eta[ibin];

        eff = (eff_pt * eff_eta) / avgrate;
      }

      return eff;
    }


    /// Function giving observed and expected upper limits (on the visible cross-section)
    double getUpperLimit(const string& signal_region, bool observed)  {

      map<string,double> upperLimitsObserved;
      map<string,double> upperLimitsExpected;

      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 2.435;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 0.704;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_500"] = 0.182;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_800"] = 0.147;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 13.901;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 1.677;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_500"] = 0.141;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_800"] = 0.155;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 1.054;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.341;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_500"] = 0.221;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_800"] = 0.140;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 4.276;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.413;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_500"] = 0.138;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_800"] = 0.150;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 29.804;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_200"] = 3.579;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_500"] = 0.466;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_800"] = 0.298;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 205.091;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_200"] = 3.141;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_500"] = 0.290;
      upperLimitsObserved["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_800"] = 0.157;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 1.111;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.354;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 0.236;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_300"] = 0.150;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 1.881;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.406;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 0.194;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_300"] = 0.134;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.770;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.295;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.149;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_300"] = 0.140;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 2.003;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.806;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.227;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_300"] = 0.138;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 6.383;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_100"] = 0.959;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_200"] = 0.549;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_300"] = 0.182;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 10.658;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_100"] = 0.637;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_200"] = 0.291;
      upperLimitsObserved["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_300"] = 0.227;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 1.802;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.344;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 0.189;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_300"] = 0.148;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 12.321;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.430;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 0.137;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_300"] = 0.134;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.562;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.153;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.154;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_300"] = 0.141;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 2.475;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.244;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.141;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_300"] = 0.142;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 24.769;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_100"] = 0.690;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_200"] = 0.198;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_300"] = 0.138;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 194.360;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_100"] = 0.287;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_200"] = 0.144;
      upperLimitsObserved["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_300"] = 0.130;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 2.435;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_600"] = 0.487;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_1000"] = 0.156;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_1500"] = 0.140;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 13.901;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_600"] = 0.687;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_1000"] = 0.224;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_1500"] = 0.155;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 1.054;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_600"] = 0.249;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1000"] = 0.194;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1500"] = 0.145;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 4.276;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_600"] = 0.772;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1000"] = 0.218;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1500"] = 0.204;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 29.804;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_600"] = 2.933;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_1000"] = 0.912;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_1500"] = 0.225;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 205.091;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_600"] = 1.486;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_1000"] = 0.641;
      upperLimitsObserved["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_1500"] = 0.204;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 0.479;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_600"] = 0.353;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_1200"] = 0.187;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 0.617;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_600"] = 0.320;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_1200"] = 0.281;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.408;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_600"] = 0.240;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1200"] = 0.150;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.774;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_600"] = 0.417;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1200"] = 0.266;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 1.208;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_600"] = 0.837;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_1200"] = 0.269;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 0.605;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_600"] = 0.420;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_1200"] = 0.141;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffMt_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 1.832;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffMt_3l_onZ_cut_600"] = 0.862;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffMt_3l_onZ_cut_1200"] = 0.222;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffMt_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 1.309;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffMt_2ltau_onZ_cut_600"] = 0.481;
      upperLimitsObserved["MeffMt_2ltau_onZ_cut_1200"] = 0.146;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 2.435;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_50"] = 0.500;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.203;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_150"] = 0.128;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 13.901;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_50"] = 0.859;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.158;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_150"] = 0.155;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 1.054;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_50"] = 0.295;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.148;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_150"] = 0.137;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 4.276;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_50"] = 0.314;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.134;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_150"] = 0.140;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 29.804;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_onZ_cut_50"] = 1.767;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_onZ_cut_100"] = 0.690;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_3l_onZ_cut_150"] = 0.301;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 205.091;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_onZ_cut_50"] = 1.050;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_onZ_cut_100"] = 0.155;
      upperLimitsObserved["MinPt_2ltau_onZ_cut_150"] = 0.146;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 2.435;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_1"] = 0.865;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_2"] = 0.474;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 13.901;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_1"] = 1.566;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_2"] = 0.426;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 1.054;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1"] = 0.643;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_2"] = 0.321;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 4.276;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1"] = 2.435;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_2"] = 1.073;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 29.804;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_3l_onZ_cut_1"] = 3.908;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_3l_onZ_cut_2"] = 0.704;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 205.091;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_2ltau_onZ_cut_1"] = 9.377;
      upperLimitsObserved["nbtag_2ltau_onZ_cut_2"] = 0.657;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 2.893;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 1.175;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_500"] = 0.265;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_800"] = 0.155;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 14.293;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 1.803;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_500"] = 0.159;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_800"] = 0.155;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.836;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.340;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_500"] = 0.218;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_800"] = 0.140;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 4.132;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.599;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_500"] = 0.146;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_800"] = 0.148;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 32.181;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_200"] = 4.879;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_500"] = 0.473;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_3l_onZ_cut_800"] = 0.266;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 217.801;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_200"] = 3.676;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_500"] = 0.235;
      upperLimitsExpected["HTlep_2ltau_onZ_cut_800"] = 0.150;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 1.196;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.423;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 0.208;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_300"] = 0.158;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 2.158;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.461;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 0.186;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_300"] = 0.138;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.495;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.284;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.150;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_300"] = 0.146;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 1.967;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.732;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.225;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_300"] = 0.147;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 7.157;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_100"] = 1.342;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_200"] = 0.508;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_3l_onZ_cut_300"] = 0.228;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 12.441;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_100"] = 0.534;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_200"] = 0.243;
      upperLimitsExpected["METStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_300"] = 0.218;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 2.199;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.391;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 0.177;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_300"] = 0.144;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 12.431;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.358;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_200"] = 0.150;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_300"] = 0.135;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.577;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.214;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.155;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_300"] = 0.140;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 2.474;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.382;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_200"] = 0.144;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_300"] = 0.146;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 26.305;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_100"] = 1.227;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_200"] = 0.311;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_3l_onZ_cut_300"] = 0.188;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 205.198;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_100"] = 0.399;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_200"] = 0.166;
      upperLimitsExpected["METWeak_2ltau_onZ_cut_300"] = 0.140;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 2.893;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_600"] = 0.649;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_1000"] = 0.252;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_1500"] = 0.150;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 14.293;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_600"] = 0.657;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_1000"] = 0.226;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_1500"] = 0.154;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.836;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_600"] = 0.265;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1000"] = 0.176;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1500"] = 0.146;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 4.132;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_600"] = 0.678;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1000"] = 0.243;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1500"] = 0.184;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 32.181;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_600"] = 3.219;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_1000"] = 0.905;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_3l_onZ_cut_1500"] = 0.261;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 217.801;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_600"] = 1.680;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_1000"] = 0.375;
      upperLimitsExpected["Meff_2ltau_onZ_cut_1500"] = 0.178;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 0.571;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_600"] = 0.386;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_1200"] = 0.177;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 0.605;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_600"] = 0.335;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_1200"] = 0.249;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.373;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_600"] = 0.223;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1200"] = 0.150;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.873;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_600"] = 0.428;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1200"] = 0.210;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 2.034;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_600"] = 1.093;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_3l_onZ_cut_1200"] = 0.293;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 0.690;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_600"] = 0.392;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffStrong_2ltau_onZ_cut_1200"] = 0.156;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffMt_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 2.483;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffMt_3l_onZ_cut_600"] = 0.845;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffMt_3l_onZ_cut_1200"] = 0.255;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffMt_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 1.448;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffMt_2ltau_onZ_cut_600"] = 0.391;
      upperLimitsExpected["MeffMt_2ltau_onZ_cut_1200"] = 0.146;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 2.893;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_50"] = 0.703;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.207;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_150"] = 0.143;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 14.293;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_50"] = 0.705;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_100"] = 0.149;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_150"] = 0.155;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.836;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_50"] = 0.249;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.135;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_150"] = 0.136;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 4.132;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_50"] = 0.339;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_100"] = 0.149;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_150"] = 0.145;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 32.181;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_onZ_cut_50"] = 2.260;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_onZ_cut_100"] = 0.438;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_3l_onZ_cut_150"] = 0.305;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 217.801;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_onZ_cut_50"] = 1.335;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_onZ_cut_100"] = 0.162;
      upperLimitsExpected["MinPt_2ltau_onZ_cut_150"] = 0.149;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 2.893;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_1"] = 0.923;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_3l_offZ_OSSF_cut_2"] = 0.452;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_0"] = 14.293;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_1"] = 1.774;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_OSSF_cut_2"] = 0.549;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 0.836;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1"] = 0.594;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_3l_offZ_noOSSF_cut_2"] = 0.298;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_0"] = 4.132;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_1"] = 2.358;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_2ltau_offZ_noOSSF_cut_2"] = 0.958;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_3l_onZ_cut_0"] = 32.181;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_3l_onZ_cut_1"] = 3.868;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_3l_onZ_cut_2"] = 0.887;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_2ltau_onZ_cut_0"] = 217.801;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_2ltau_onZ_cut_1"] = 9.397;
      upperLimitsExpected["nbtag_2ltau_onZ_cut_2"] = 0.787;



      if (observed) return upperLimitsObserved[signal_region];
      else          return upperLimitsExpected[signal_region];
    }


    /// Function checking if there is an OSSF lepton pair or a combination of 3 leptons with an invariant mass close to the Z mass
    int isonZ (const Particles& particles) {
      int onZ = 0;
      double best_mass_2 = 999.;
      double best_mass_3 = 999.;

      // Loop over all 2 particle combinations to find invariant mass of OSSF pair closest to Z mass
      for (const Particle& p1 : particles)  {
        for (const Particle& p2 : particles)  {
          double mass_difference_2_old = fabs(91.0 - best_mass_2);
          double mass_difference_2_new = fabs(91.0 - (p1.momentum() + p2.momentum()).mass()/GeV);

          // If particle combination is OSSF pair calculate mass difference to Z mass
          if ((p1.pid()*p2.pid() == -121 || p1.pid()*p2.pid() == -169))  {

            // Get invariant mass closest to Z mass
            if (mass_difference_2_new < mass_difference_2_old)
              best_mass_2 = (p1.momentum() + p2.momentum()).mass()/GeV;
          // In case there is an OSSF pair take also 3rd lepton into account (e.g. from FSR and photon to electron conversion)
            for (const Particle& p3 : particles  )  {
            double mass_difference_3_old = fabs(91.0 - best_mass_3);
            double mass_difference_3_new = fabs(91.0 - (p1.momentum() + p2.momentum() + p3.momentum()).mass()/GeV);
            if (mass_difference_3_new < mass_difference_3_old)
              best_mass_3 = (p1.momentum() + p2.momentum() + p3.momentum()).mass()/GeV;
            }
          }
        }
      }

      // Pick the minimum invariant mass of the best OSSF pair combination and the best 3 lepton combination
      double best_mass = min(best_mass_2,best_mass_3);
      // if this mass is in a 20 GeV window around the Z mass, the event is classified as onZ
      if ( fabs(91.0 - best_mass) < 20. ) onZ = 1;
      return onZ;
    }

    /// function checking if two leptons are an OSSF lepton pair and giving out the invariant mass (0 if no OSSF pair)
    double isOSSF_mass (const Particle& p1, const Particle& p2) {
      double inv_mass = 0.;
      // Is particle combination OSSF pair?
      if ((p1.pid()*p2.pid() == -121 || p1.pid()*p2.pid() == -169))  {
        // Get invariant mass
        inv_mass = (p1.momentum() + p2.momentum()).mass()/GeV;
      }
      return inv_mass;
    }

    /// Function checking if there is an OSSF lepton pair
    bool isOSSF (const Particles& particles)  {
      for (size_t i1=0 ; i1 < 3 ; i1 ++)  {
        for (size_t i2 = i1+1 ; i2 < 3 ; i2 ++)  {
          if ((particles[i1].pid()*particles[i2].pid() == -121 || particles[i1].pid()*particles[i2].pid() == -169))  {
            return true;
          }
        }
      }
      return false;
    }

    /// @}

  private:

    /// Histograms
    /// @{
    Histo1DPtr _h_HTlep_all, _h_HTjets_all, _h_MET_all, _h_Meff_all, _h_min_pT_all, _h_mT_all;
    Histo1DPtr _h_pt_1_3l, _h_pt_2_3l, _h_pt_3_3l, _h_pt_1_2ltau, _h_pt_2_2ltau, _h_pt_3_2ltau;
    Histo1DPtr _h_e_n, _h_mu_n, _h_tau_n;
    Histo1DPtr _h_excluded;
    /// @}

    /// Fiducial efficiencies to model the effects of the ATLAS detector
    bool _use_fiducial_lepton_efficiency;

    /// List of signal regions and event counts per signal region
    vector<string> _signal_regions;
    map<string, CounterPtr> _eventCountsPerSR;

  };


  RIVET_DECLARE_PLUGIN(ATLAS_2014_I1327229);

}