Rivet tutorials

Basic rivet-merge tutorial

As of version 2.7 the concept of a reentrant analysis was introduced in Rivet. This means that an analysis is written so that the finalize method can be run several times. This also means that rivet can read in a previously produced yoda file and re-run finalize. One of the advantages of this is that it is then possible to merge several runs into one in a statistically correct way using the rivet-merge script.

In the following, we will distinguish equivalent merging, where all output files are assumed to come from a CPU-parallelised run over the same pool of generated events using different random seeds, and non-equivelent merging (or stacking), where the files are assumed to correspond to different processes and are just meant to be stacked.

Equivalent merging

Assuming you have produced files named run00.yoda, …, run99.yoda with different random seeds for the event generator, you simply do

rivet-merge -e run[0-9][0-9].yoda -o sumrun.yoda

and sumrun.yoda will contain the sum of all runs. (Note the -e flag that indicates that the given yoda files are equivalent.)

Technical note

In most cases, a histogram will be scaled by a factor in the finalize method, either cross-section / sum of weights or 1 / area. In practice, this scaling needs to be “undone” for every input histogram first. The unscaled histograms are then stacked and the individual scaling factors combined by summing the inverse input scale factors and taking the inverse of the sum. The combined scaling factor is then applied to the stacked histogram.

For the final cross-section, a weighted average will be constructed from the per-file cross-sections using the respective sum of weights in a given file as the weight.

Stacking

Let’s assume that the analysis measures a jet spectrum over a large range of transverse momenta. It is then difficult to get reasonable statistics for all transverse momenta in a single generator run. However, the event generator most likely have the possibility to select upper and lower cuts on the transverse momentum of the hard partonic sub-process. Although such cuts do not correspond to clean cut in the jet transverse momenta, we can still merge them together with rivet-merge. If you have four files produced with cuts on the hard sub-process transverse momenta as indicated by the file names run_10-20.yoda, run_20-50.yoda, run_50-100.yoda, and run_100-inf.yoda, they are simply merged together with

rivet-merge run_10-20.yoda run_20-50.yoda run_50-100.yoda run_100-inf.yoda

where the merged result is found in the default output file Rivet.yoda. Note the absence of the -e flag.

Apart from slicing, one could also envisage that a process is split based on final state. For instance, consider top-quark pair production in the dileptonic, semi-leponic and all-hadronic channels, with corrsponding yoda files ttbar_dilep.yoda.gz, ttbar_singlep.yoda.gz and ttbar_hadronic.yoda.gz respectively. Let’s assume the generator-level cross-section was not known when the files were produced and so the cross-section was manually set to unity at the time. It is possible to stack the files and pass the cross-section on the fly as follows:

rivet-merge -o ttbar.yoda.gz ttbar_dilep.yoda.gz:72.592 ttbar_singlep.yoda.gz:302.06 ttbar_hadronic.yoda.gz:314.12

where the cross-section values are specified in picobarns. Note that if the HepMC GenEvent does not include the cross-section information and the user also didn’t supply a cross-section, the finalised histograms will have 0 area and the on-the-fly scaling from the above example cannot work. In this case, it is still possibly to forcibly set a cross-section by using a syntax like ttbar_dilep.yoda.gz:=72.592. To ease scripting and readability, the syntax ttbar_dilep.yoda.gz:x72.592 (equivalent to ttbar_dilep.yoda.gz:72.592) for multiplicative scaling will also be accepted.

Technical note

The final cross-section will be given by the sum of the individual cross-sections.

Note that the yodamerge script would really only perform a simple stacking here. This is fine when the histogram is normalised to cross-section and the components simply just need to be added up, but for a unit-normalised histogram, one would first have to undo the divsion by area, add the components with their respective cross-section weight, and renormalise the stacked histogram to unity. This is why yodamerge tends to struggle with files that contain a mix of unit- and cross-section-normalised objects, although this can often still be dealt with using a few lines of Python.

Merging with different energies

Some experimental routines support multiple beam energies. Often, the routine logic is steered depending on the centre-of-mass energy taken from the input HepMC event, e.g. to book a specific subset of histograms or sometimes even to choose an approriate upper/maximum bin edge for some histograms. This information of course will not be available at merging time.

However, all Rivet routines support the ENERGY=VALUE option which can be used to achieve the same behviour at merging time. This option can be specified either right from the start when first running the routine, or added as part of the magic, e.g. for specific routines:

rivet-merge -e -a JADE_OPAL_2000_S4300807:ENERGY=91.2 file1.yoda file2.yoda ...

or globally for all analysis routines (as of 3.1.8):

rivet-merge -e -a :ENERGY=91.2 file1.yoda file2.yoda ...

Note that as of v4.0.0, a beam-info object is written out to the YODA files, such that it is no longer necessary to specify the bea energy in principle.

Reentrant safety

In essence, a reentrant-safe analysis is one that, once interrupted mid-run, has enough information in the output file to be able to pick up where it left off. The rivet-merge script will call the init() method of an analysis to book its objects into memory, replace all the emoty booked objects with the merged version from the combined input files and then run the finalize() method once more. With that in mind, all fillable objects must be booked in the init() method, i.e. histograms, profiles, counters. Scatter-type objects can be booked in either the init() or the finalize() method.

The vast majority of analyses shipped with Rivet are reentrant safe. Nevertheless, there are a few pitfalls worth highlighting:

• If an analysis is meant to write out a scatter-type objects, such as a ratio or an efficiency, it must book the corresponding numerator and denomintor histograms in the init() method in order to be reentrate safe.

• If the number of histograms booked in the default init() method depends on the sample (e.g. a beam-energy-dependent booking), the routine is not reentrant safe because, for any given run, it is not guaranteed that there is always a one-to-one match between the booked analysis objects and the objects written out to file. In such a case, it is preferable to use Rivet’s options mechanism to steer the histogram booking, which ensures that an analysis will always be initialised with the right set of objects.

• It’s not possible to use a simple double to add up event weights in the main event loop and use the resulting sum to normalise a histogram. There are two reasons: First of all, many Monte Carlo samples will have multiple event weights, and so by using a double you are probably not correctly accounting for the different sum of weights. Secondly, when merging files, the main event loop is not executed and so these simple double counters will retain their initialisation values (usually 0) and the merged result cannot receive the intended normalisation. In these cases, it is preferable to fill an auxiliary Counter object, which is then written out to the file, so that it can be loaded back in later. The advantage is that this automatically takes care of the multiweights and if it’s booked with a leading underscore, it will also be ignored by the plotting scripts. An example might look like this:

  CounterPtr mycounter
  book(mycounter, "_auxCounter");
  ...
  normalize(myhisto, *mycounter);